{"id":1339,"date":"2022-10-12T11:33:34","date_gmt":"2022-10-12T18:33:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.medcram.com\/?p=1339"},"modified":"2022-10-21T11:45:42","modified_gmt":"2022-10-21T18:45:42","slug":"absolute-risk-reduction-versus-relative-risk-reduction-one-better-covid-vaccines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.medcram.com\/covid-19\/absolute-risk-reduction-versus-relative-risk-reduction-one-better-covid-vaccines\/","title":{"rendered":"Absolute Risk Reduction versus Relative Risk Reduction: Is One Better for COVID vaccines?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eBiCDBb935A\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this video, Dr. Roger Seheult of MedCram explains what the difference is between absolute risk reduction (ARR) versus relative risk reduction (RRR). Dr. Seheult provides examples on how to calculate the relative risk reduction and how to calculate the absolute risk reduction. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2>How to calculate ARR vs RRR<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The relative risk reduction is calculated by the difference between the placebo group and the intervention group divided by the total number of occurrences in the placebo group. The absolute risk reduction is calculated by taking the difference between the placebo group and the intervention group but this time dividing it by the total number in the placebo group. It must be noted and cannot be emphasized enough that the absolute risk reduction is very much dependent on the prevalence of a disease unlike the relative risk reduction.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Number needed to treat calculation<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number needed to treat (NNT) is the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction, i.e.1 divided by the ARR.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>How does prevalence affect ARR vs RRR<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a disease has a prevalence that is not changing frequently, it is reasonable to use either ARR or RRR depending on what is trying to be emphasized when reporting statistics.\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, ARR is very heavily dependent on the prevalence of a disease and can vary especially if the disease prevalence is changing frequently such as in a pandemic. The higher the prevalence of the disease or risk, the greater the ARR will be in comparison to a lower prevalence of disease or risk,\u00a0 where the ARR can be lower. This occurs despite the RRR remaining the same for both cases.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the University of Western Australia, they have a diagram that states, \u201cthe absolute risk reduction is dependent upon the baseline risk of the study population or the individual patient.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Example of ARR and RRR<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example is using a 20% off coupon. This 20% can be viewed as the relative risk. If you apply this to a $1 item you save 20 cents, but if you apply it to a $1000 item you can save $200. These cost savings or absolute risk reduction can be as little as 20 cents or as high as $200 depending on the cost (or prevalence) of an item (or disease).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaccines and ARR vs RRR<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In regards to vaccines, the Pfizer studies were done during a low prevalence of COVID-19 whereas the J&amp;J studies were done during a higher prevalence. As a result, understanding ARR, you can already surmise that the ARR in the J&amp;J studies will be higher than in the Pfizer studies due to the increased prevalence of the disease.\u00a0 However, the RRR would be expected to remain consistent across the board as it relates to the intervention.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the reason why ARR is not a good measure of an intervention in a disease that changes prevalence frequently such as in a pandemic.\u00a0 ARR is great to use in static diseases such as diabetes, stroke, coronary artery disease, vascular disease, etc. With vaccines, it takes time to get immunized. Vaccines are taken to prevent a disease somewhere down the line. In a pandemic, you will get absolutely different ARR depending on the prevalence of the disease during that time i.e. during a surge, you can expect a high ARR but lower ARR in low prevalent times.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many individuals who use these terms may be using them incorrectly and in an inappropriate context, so it is important for you to understand how these terms work so you can better understand the issue.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LINKS \/ REFERENCES:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Importance of understanding relative vs. absolute risk reduction regarding COVID-19 vaccines (Peter Attia MD) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=u1wEruG4jys&amp;t=0s\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/u1wEruG4jys<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incidence and relative risk of stroke in the diabetic and the non-diabetic population between 1998 and 2014: A community-based stroke register (PLOS) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/redirect?event=video_description&amp;redir_token=QUFFLUhqbWNsc2JYTk41OENJd2Mtck9wWExVUlNVeDhld3xBQ3Jtc0ttb1B1ZExSN1BkQW16VHg2eWVXOFBoSk5oR0s2STdxUVJCcHhqVzdfQmROVDRsV1ZTTjhHVmlfaF9ZV1EzOWFqNlZwcklELUk0VThlOWtlOTdPbUZ3T09UOXFCNklRVlVYcFphSmhsQkEtYXh5amxKWQ&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0188306&amp;v=eBiCDBb935A\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/art&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relative Risk Reduction vs. Absolute Risk Reduction &#8211; Dr Malhotra &#8211; A CNM Talk Highlight (College of Naturopathic Medicine) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hb_oQox1YqE&amp;t=0s\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/hb_oQox1YqE<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another Bit of Pandemic Fallout: The Weaponization of Absolute Risk Statistics (Absolutely Maybe) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/redirect?event=video_description&amp;redir_token=QUFFLUhqa05LQ0xIYlQ5UHFlekszMEpaTXdEOE5nUm4tZ3xBQ3Jtc0tsQzJDN1laYkdpV2hEc1pqR0xfNUFMWldQRUgzSFZaX21ZaWlLNWg3cm5sWDR1TkxrbUFDYXlZQ3hoSDRDQVRGeW9JeWJ1UjlVdloxUEtpeUpsam91dklZRjAwYk5wZ0hJNVNmcktlb2lPZ2JmVjVSMA&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fabsolutelymaybe.plos.org%2F2022%2F06%2F02%2Fanother-bit-of-pandemic-fallout-the-weaponization-of-absolute-risk-statistics%2F&amp;v=eBiCDBb935A\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/absolutelymaybe.plos.org\/2022&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19 (NEJM) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/redirect?event=video_description&amp;redir_token=QUFFLUhqbGFqSjZvMUhkWGdzWDE5S1Zoa19QLUVCSDdOUXxBQ3Jtc0tuT2lGYXZxR2YxRlNDZVFSX2M5TnRoaWcwVTIxYkJlVlotblNqNTI4dXZSWVlmTzFkeWM2VlJLY19RYjltandVZTNEV2lvRnFlWmltWk5nSHNtby14QjVrc1F1eks3T3lYbkt0YUYzc05CUXIySHlOZw&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa2101544&amp;v=eBiCDBb935A\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fact Check-Why Relative Risk Reduction, not Absolute Risk Reduction, is most often used in calculating vaccine efficacy (Reuters) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/redirect?event=video_description&amp;redir_token=QUFFLUhqbi1UdmlQal9MeXpobkRPVFJtYkJpQWRvU08zd3xBQ3Jtc0trbTA5OTZBbndqdWphU2VSLU5TZE5UajA2bXRONy1wNGkwSC1fOEZLT1lDa2hnVXd5VDg3ejVmQ3N6aUhxYWdvUG5hQ0JRMTRqRE1qNU9PVVVKY21mWVAzZ0F5YVhvZ1cxVGhjQ2JmODl0ekY3UDJMNA&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ffactcheck-thelancet-riskreduction%2Ffact-check-why-relative-risk-reduction-not-absolute-risk-reduction-is-most-often-used-in-calculating-vaccine-efficacy-idUSL2N2NK1XA&amp;v=eBiCDBb935A\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/factc&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine (NEJM) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/redirect?event=video_description&amp;redir_token=QUFFLUhqbUduaVphWndzRE9DaklMSGhmaWdZTnNOV3E2Z3xBQ3Jtc0tsbzRRMHlPOWJPWVZBa0NLMllSejZfd1VSTTJRclhDS1VQYnFqUUExMVR2ak9QMXdPb0lmZzE1NzhIdmYwQ0JCMXlWWkZyUGpMQ1V0bWwtS2xSSnpDSDZVSEF2YXJteTNzS0Q4MFBybzFsVGdodkJmMA&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1056%2Fnejmoa2034577&amp;v=eBiCDBb935A\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cases (Our World in Data) |<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/redirect?event=video_description&amp;redir_token=QUFFLUhqbWp5amdjTlZZZmFMRE1lVEdPWE9xdnZtUEw0d3xBQ3Jtc0ttS0REZmdyVGpYeTNTdWljYzFQTHJnZHVDTUVBc2RnNUhEMWNHdEJMUHFwRVlNRVA5U3JKemJXZDdOV1h1Smc1ejdoU0FpZjNEWDNNVnptaGFTQm9iZE12R29IZ3VYcmthUW44RGFiUWlmV0M2MnZ6Yw&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fcovid-cases&amp;v=eBiCDBb935A\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-cases<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All coronavirus updates are at MedCram.com (including more discussion on delta variant covid, COVID Delta, COVID children, natural immunity COVID 19, and more).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MedCram Update 46:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EFRwnhfWXxo&amp;t=0s\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/EFRwnhfWXxo<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MedCram Update 47:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H1LHgyfPPQ8&amp;t=0s\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/H1LHgyfPPQ8<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MedCram Update 132:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9OZZ6_M4OB0&amp;t=0s\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/9OZZ6_M4OB0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Stay Tuned for More Updates\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our COVID-19 videos are always available for <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">free <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(and ad-free) at<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medcram.com\/collections?category=covid-19-SARS-CoV-2\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MedCram.com<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In addition, check out our full library of courses and lectures on subjects ranging from<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medcram.com\/courses\/hypertension-explained-clearly-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hypertension Explained Clearly<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medcram.com\/courses\/sleep-apnea-explained-clearly\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sleep Apnea Explained Clearly<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Course and many more!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, you can find all of our COVID-19 videos compiled <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medcram.com\/collections?category=covid-19-SARS-CoV-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visit <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medcram.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MedCram.com<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for updates on Monkeypox virus infectious disease and more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this video, Dr. Roger Seheult of MedCram explains what the difference is between absolute risk reduction (ARR) versus relative risk reduction (RRR). Dr. Seheult provides examples on how to calculate the relative risk reduction and how to calculate the absolute risk reduction. How to calculate ARR vs RRR The relative risk reduction is calculated&hellip;<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Absolute Risk Reduction versus Relative Risk Reduction: Is One Better for COVID vaccines? - Medcram Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this video, Dr. Roger Seheult of MedCram explains what the difference is between absolute risk reduction (ARR) versus relative risk reduction (RRR) and whether one is better than the other when discussing COVID vaccines.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.medcram.com\/covid-19\/absolute-risk-reduction-versus-relative-risk-reduction-one-better-covid-vaccines\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Absolute Risk Reduction versus Relative Risk Reduction: Is One Better for COVID vaccines? 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